"The rising challenge of Lyme borreliosis in Canada". ^ Ogden NH, Lindsay LR, Morshed M, Sockett PN, Artsob H (January 2008)."Histopathological detection of owl's eye inclusions is still specific for cytomegalovirus in the era of human herpesviruses 6 and 7". ^ Mattes FM, McLaughlin JE, Emery VC, Clark DA, Griffiths PD (August 2000).Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract.
Journal of the National Cancer Institute. "Colorectal cancer survival advantage in MUTYH-associated polyposis and Lynch syndrome families". ^ Lynch HT, Lanspa SJ (November 2010)."Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes: molecular genetics, genetic counseling, diagnosis and management". ^ Lynch HT, Lynch JF, Lynch PM, Attard T (2007).Grey-Turner's sign (ecchymosis in flank area) Pseudomembrane on tonsils, pharynx and nasal cavity Reed-Sternberg cells (giant mono- and multinucleated cells) upon microscopyįilamentous material seen in inclusion bodies under electron microscopy Owl's eye appearance of inclusion bodies An example of such test is a genetic test to find an underlying mutation in certain types of hereditary colon cancer.
A sign or symptom with very high sensitivity is often termed sine qua non. In contrast, a test with very high sensitivity rarely misses a condition, so a negative result should be reassuring (the disease tested for is absent). More often a test result is "pathognomonic" only because there has been a consensus to define the disease state in terms of the test result (such as diabetes mellitus being defined in terms of chronic fasting blood glucose levels). An example is the hypersegmented neutrophil, which is seen only in megaloblastic anemias (not a single disease, but a set of closely related disease states). Īs opposed to symptoms (reported subjectively by the patient and not measured) and signs (observed by the physician at the bedside on physical exam, without need for a report) a larger number of medical test results are pathognomonic. Examples of pathognomonic findings include Koplik's spots inside the mouth in measles, the palmar xanthomata seen on the hands of people suffering from hyperlipoproteinemia, Negri bodies within brain tissue infected with rabies, or a tetrad of rash, arthralgia, abdominal pain and kidney disease in a child with Henoch–Schönlein purpura. Singular pathognomonic signs are relatively uncommon. The presence of a pathognomonic finding allows immediate diagnosis, since there are no other conditions in the differential diagnosis. A pathognomonic sign or symptom has very high positive predictive value but does not need to have high sensitivity: for example it can sometimes be absent in a certain disease, since the term only implies that, when it is present, the doctor instantly knows the patient's illness. While some findings may be classic, typical or highly suggestive in a certain condition, they may not occur uniquely in this condition and therefore may not directly imply a specific diagnosis.
0 kommentar(er)
